MODERN WRITERS OF ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY
Consideration and contribution of colonized plaintiffs:
Educated Indians retained many traditional history in the form of handwritten epics, puranas, biographies. However, modern research in the history of ancient India begins in the second half of the 18th century.
The British when they established rule here seemed to need it in the interest of colonial administration. When came under the rule of Bengal and Bihar east India company in 1765 the rulers felt difficulty in administering justice of Hindu. Comes 1776 the English translation of the Manu-smriti most authentic carried a code of Janto lodge.
In the civil justice act of the Hindus the learned people and the maulvi were attached to the British judges in the act of dewailing Muslims. An attempt was made to understand the ancient laws and customs which continued widely till the 18th century and as a result of this in 1784 a research institution called the Asiatic society of Bengal was established in Kolkata. It was founded by Sir William Chauhan(1746-1794) of east India company who in 1789 translated the drama Abhigyan Shakundalam while the English translation of Bhagwat Gita in 1785 by Wilkins. The Asiatic society was established in Mumbai in 1804 and the Asiatic society of Great Britain was founded in London in 1823. William Jones propounds that "it is the symbol that European languages are common to Sanskrit and Iranian languages." the discovery of this fact created a keen interest in the study of Indian sciences in the European countries like Germany, France, Russia and the European languages. In the first half of the 19th century in England and many other European countries Sanskrit acharya came to be established, which was known as cheras.
Most encouraged the study of Indian lore, sapoota f Max muller(1823-1902) of Germany spent most of his life in England. The revolt of 1857 opened the eyes of the British rulers and they felt that the foreign people they had to acquire a deep knowledge of their customs and social system which they were to govern. Religion evangelists of Christian missions likewise felt the need to know the infirmity of Hindu religion so they could convert and thereby strengthen British empire. Translation of ancient religion texts to a vast amount of editor element of Max muller to satisfy these need. This translation was published in 50 volumes in total from the second books of the east series, including several volumes of several volumes. Though some Chinese and Iranian texts were included in the series, the ancient Indian scriptures are in fact the most prominent ones.
In the preface to the translations, and on their basis western scholars have established several general conclusions about the history of ancient India and the form of society. He is of the opinion that the people of ancient India characterized the history of not having any sense of time and date. He also said that the people of India had been accustomed to the rule by their own free will and remained immersed in spiritual or other problems and did not worry about alchoic problems. The caste system was regarded as the heavy concoction of social discrimination. The western scholars firmly said that the Indian people did not realise the national spirit, nor any form of self - government.
A lot of such findings are published in Vincent Arther Smith's book(1843-1920) early history of India. He prepared this first well-organized history of ancient India in 1904. he wrote this book on the basis of deep study of the available sources and gave a primacy to political history. It served textbook work for about 50 years and even today scholars use it. Smith's vision towards history was imperialism. loyalist member of Indian civil service exposed he role of foreigners in. One third of his book described the invasion of sikander only. It calls India a country ruled by its own will that had never experienced political unity before the establishment of British rule. He writes Indian historians concern the sole form of governm.
Summary is that what British historians interpret Indian history aimed at to degrade India's character and achievements and justify foreign rule. Many of these findings seem to be acceptable, for example, compared to the Chinese, Indians have not made any arrangements for the date - order, although some important events are mentioned in earlier years by the death of Gautama Buddha. Yet the conclusions enunciated by these historians are either misleading or exaggeration. Such findings could only serve as good publicity material for the continuance of British authority. in India, a six - year justice officer was the tradition of the government. so he justified his method of governance in which all powers were in the hands of the viceroy. Similarly, if the people of India were only immersed in the problem of the other world, their alukic life will be looked after by the British colonial authorities, who will? Bharat - people have never experienced self - government in the past; how would they be able to rule themselves in the present times? The internal destiny of all such conclusions was to show that the indians were incapable of their own rule.
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Vision and contribution of the nationalistic:
All this came as a great challenge to the scholars of India, especially to those of western education that had been found. Bay and thou were attached to the history of colonists by distorting and distorting India 's past image. So on the other hand he saw a glaring contrast between India' s dominant feudal society and a thriving capitalist society in England. Many a scholar who had entered the field with determination, his mission was not only to reform the Indian society, but to reconstruct the ancient history of India in a way that would enable them to improve society and to attain swaraj better.
Most of the historians were influenced by the wave of the Hindu Renaissance, but there was no dearth of scholars who followed a rational and objective approach.
This dynamic category comes Rajinder Lal Mitra (1822-1891) who published many Vedic original books and wrote a book named Indore errians. The ultimate lover of ancient custom Lal saw the ancient society logically and wrote a tremendous pamphlet prove that in ancient. Some other scholars tried to prove that in spite of their special characteristics, caste system is not different from the class system found in the Prak industrial and ancient societies of Europe.
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Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar(1837-1925) of Maharashtra and Vishwanath Rajwad (1896-1926) two dedicated Mahapandits emerged who batara various sources to rebuild the social and political history of the country. R.G. Bhandarkar rebuilt the history of Sathvahen and history of Vaishnavas and other sects. He was also a great social reformer and supported widow remarriage on the basis of his research and rejected the evil practice of caste and child marriage. After discovering the sources of Sanskrit manuscripts and Maratha history in the tune of B.Y.K Rajavad purely research, went from village to village in Maharashtra and were published in sources 22 parts. He has not written much, but he has written in 1926 the history of the marriage system in Marathi will always remain on the peak because he stands on the solid basis of the Vedic and other Sastras and has described in it many villages of India 's development of the marriage. Pandurang Waman Kanne from (1880-1972) hundred and eighteen so 72 were the Sanskrit publishers and social reformers. He advanced the age - old tradition of learning. His famous column history of theology, published in five volumes of the present century, is an encyclopedia of social rules and ethics. With this we can study social processes in ancient India.
Indian scholars by making a thorough study of polity and political history prove that India has its own political history and indians had good knowledge of A.D.C Credit in this respect is in the hands of archaic Devadatta Ramakrishna Bhandarkar(1875-1950), who published a number of books on Asoka and on the political institutions of ancient India.
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More important than this is Hemchandra rai Choudhury(1892-1957) who rebuilt the history of ancient India from the (Mahabharata) period i.e. from 10th century BC to the end of secret empire. They were European history teachers so he has adopted some new ways and comparative vision. Roy Chaudhuri did not discuss the problem of time divisions but his history of ancient India came to an end in the sixth century a. d. Appreciating the contribution made in the reconstruction of ancient Indian history, Roy Chaudhury has criticized the British scholar in many respects. His articles are articles of erudition and erudition, but where Ashoka's peace policy is criticized, he is urged to Brahmanism. The Hindu Renaissance the latter finds more in the writings of Arese Majumdar (1888-1980) , who was very authored and was the editor - general of the history and culture of Indian people published in several volumes.
Most writers of ancient Indian history did not pay due attention to south india. even the Neelkanth Shastri of great historian originated in south India followed the same path in his a history of ancient India. But he scaled this error by writing an history of south India. The fact that they are presented is as believable as Roy was. Choudhury 's, but he has made general observations on the general findings of south India' s polity and society. Neelkanth Shastri has propounded the cultural excellence of brahmins and has also highlighted that pre - existing Indian social. Under his leadership several managing books have been written on dynasty history of south India.
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As early as 1960 he was drawn to the history of Indian scholars and political history and also distinguished history of his dynasties. Scholars who wrote history on an all - India level were influenced by national sentiment, where B.A. Smith gave about a third of his history the invasion of sikander, Indian scholars gave this subject a very less place. He attached special importance to the talk of Porus with Alexander and of his release from the incidence of Seleucus to the north - western province of India by Chandragupta Maurya. Some of the scholars like K.P. Jaiswal (1881-1937) and A.S. Altekar (1898-1959) have overhauled the role of Indian dynasties in protecting the country and removing the peasants' rule and ignored the fact that central Asians and some other tribes had become inseparable parts of Indian life and did not take properties from India to their native land.
Yet the biggest credit to K.P. Jaiswal is that he ended the imagination of the Indian dictatorship. By publishing many articles from 1910 to 1912 he proved that in ancient times republic existed here, which ruled itself. His arguments were published in 1924 as a book called Hindu polity. Although Jaiswal is alleged to have moulded the spirit of modern national spirit on ancient institutions and has objected to by many writers, including U.N. Ghoshal(1886-1969), the form of the republic administration. However, his basic belief about the practice of Gantantric experiments was widely accepted and his pioneering is regarded as a Hindu polity classic.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY:
POPULATION EXPLOSION
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Without political a glimpse of history:
British historian Sanskrit wed A.L. Wehem (1914-1986) raised the question: how far is it right to see ancient India from the modern point of view? From his previous writings it appears that he had deep interest in materialist philosophy of some gentry cults. Later he has taken the idea that past should be for study. His book wander that was India (1951) is a systematic survey of various aspects of ancient Indian culture and civilization and is devoid of visual defects so British writers like B.A. Smith suffer from. This book of Besan shows a further turning point of political history toward political history. That's the point would have written in book n introduction to the study of Indian history(1957) by D.D. Kaushambi(1907-1966). His views more earlier by nc & Indian culture & civilization a hysterical out line (1965). Kaushambi gave new way to Indian history his interpretation follows the materialist interpretation of history derived from Karl Marx 's articles. They present ancient Indian society meaning machinery and culture history as integral part of development of produce. Not the first Kaushambi, in his book, surveyed the conditions of social and economic development with the view of the processes of tribes and classes. He has been criticized by a number of scholars including steam, but his book has been used widely even though.
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Scholars working on ancient India have changed their function and direction. Of course, emphasis on socio economic and cultural reactions and try to relate them with political activity. They observe internal stratification of original texts and compare their traditional form with archaeological and new scientific evidence. These are the hallmark of all historical studies. Unfortunately, there are some writers who have taken greater importance to the role of religion and come to think that all good things originated in India. The western writers no longer emphasize that everything that is good in India has come from outside. But some of them believe that religious beliefs, ritual bandhs are the main forces of Indian history. They release a wide range of divisive elements which create social - speed barriers. They look at the problem of stability and continuity in society. They seem to take interest in the unique and archaic elements and want the elements to remain unchanged. Such a view would mean that Indian society has neither changed nor can be changed, that means that backwardness in the race of development is an integral part of Indian character.
Thus the blind patriot and parmoted colonialists use the study of the past to check India 's nature and so it is imperative that ancient India be seen in a balanced and objective manner.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY:
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