ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT OF ANCIENT INDIA
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NOTE : [ You can translate this article in any language ]
ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT OF ANCIENT INDIA
Presently, the problem of conservation of natural environment, flora, animals, water resources, soil, etc. has attracted global attention due to the increasing industrialization and explosion of population in many countries. The mutual influence between the natural environment and human population. these all are called ecology and eco.
Eulology:
English word ecology coined in 1869 ad. it is relatively new science. till recently it was considered branch of biology but now it is considered to be an independent subject yet it carries a close relationship with biology.
This topic views interrelationship between the stripes of a number of organisms like plants, animals and humans. With the emergence of human being, the need for food shelter and transport emerged. In ancient times man lived by collecting wild produce and hunting for birds and animals, but in the industrial age man 's relationship with plants and animals has changed considerably and many animals are now well protected from human endeavor.
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Environment and human progress:
Environment means environment of both natural and man made environment. Natural elements include soil, air and water with which animals and humans live, man - made environment provides food shelter and transport facilities such as roads, Bridges, DAMS and a variety of structures used as housing. Environment also includes rural urban, social, economic, cultural and political stages. Environment gives direction to human effort but it would be wrong to state environmental determinism as human effort too.
Thus, we find that while the change in the climate and riverine routes has led to the abandonment of another species and shifting of tribes, the cutting of forests by man on the other hand enabled the production of grains and the establishment of larger settlements. There have not been major climatic changes on the world scale since 9000 b. c., however, there have been significant changes in some areas. That is why most of the ancient climate scholars are of the opinion that in the third and second centuries middle Asia there was severe drought and there was very cold temperature. Early in the second millennium B.C started with the cold of thunder. Which led to a large number of people in south central Asia moving to the Indian subcontinent in search of less cold terrain. These people were also speakers of Indo-Aryan language and rig Vedic people.
POPULATION EXPLOSION
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Since time immemorial, man has depended on the use of natural resources for his progress. In ancient India human settlements have been established, often in hilly, hilly and in jungle areas, near lakes and rivers, where people could make stone and bone tools for hunting. These tools also used to till the land for agriculture, as well as the flat land for raising the dwellings.
Environment and human settlements:
Without the felling of forests and cultivation of hard shifting land in the ganga plains it was impossible to set up big farmer habitations. All this has been possible only by the use of iron axe and iron-fal since 500 BC. It required the exploration of iron mines and extraction technology and development of iron craft technology. Because, the hard alluvial soils of the central gangetic plains needed iron-fal for the effective ploughing of the red soil of the vindhya region and the cotton - growing soil of deccan and west India.
Nowadays conservation of the environment is insisted but despite the deforestation, the 16 and 17 also continued to stay for centuries in doab forests and cattle - hunting there. Ecology resulting from heavy felling of forests. this change early evolution of human society, flora and fauna. But ever since man began to produce and animal husbandry both this led to an increase.
The location and size of human settlements were determined by environmental curves. Habitat choice depended very much on soil and climate. favorable rainfall areas where rivers lakes forest mountains metals and fertile soil attract people to settle. On the contrary dry deserts would discourage people from settling there without water resources. Thus the gangetic plains became a fascinating region of the human habitation. Many of them appear in the period after 500 B.C. and much less before. During the same period doab and central ganga plains have many cities, like roads and routes, rivers and transport routes were found. The fast effect of rivers cleared the rusted elements and there again prevented forests from growing. Moreover, this water was used to prepare not only land for the farmers but also irrigate the land.
DANGEROUS PROBLEM : GLOBAL WARMING
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The direction changes in the paths of rivers in about 2500 earlier had an effect on human settlements. Symmetry of Ghaggar and Hakra river Saraswati, Yamuna and Sutlej all three together contributed to the development of Harappa culture. But the Satalj in 1700 earlier and probably the Yamuna moved towards east. it adversely affected the settlements of the Harrapan culture. Confluence of rivers emerged as early human settlements. The confluence of rivers effectively wiped out forests and helped man to settle. This is said about India's first metropolis pataliputra. The confluence of the pataliputra ganga and Sona river was situated in the north by Gandak and Ghaggar river meets ganga and reunite river in the south. The confluence places were not far from the city. Three the presence of rivers in the direction often made pataliputra jaldurg and the glory of becoming a great capital. Though the pataliputra was situated at the confluence of ganga and sone the sone river later shifted towards the west. Chirananda located on the north ganga coast from Patliputra became important in prehistoric times as it actually situated at the confluence of ganga and Ghaggar. It seems that there were forests in its vicinity. It is indicated by neolithic devices obtained in Chirand. Most of these are made up of deer horns which indicate that the nearby forest fell deer.
Precipitation and humanitarian efforts:
Although regions close to rivers were preferred for bamboo, people lived near lakes and ponds. We find such sites in 2nd century BC in Uttar-Pradesh and north Bihar. The custom of settling near water sources remains intact even today. Though the Harrapan culture has been found in dry semi - desert region, the origin and development of the harappan culture is attributed only to good rainfall. According to scientists there was ample rainfall in the area of harappan culture in the third co century BC. But as the amount of rainfall started declining, the harappan culture was adversely affected. The remains of flora and animals obtained from the Maharashtra Enaam-village indicate the beginning of extremely dry. This made the farmers leave their home to adopt cattle nomadic life.
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Rains certainly helped human society to cultivate and settle settlements but heavy rainfall in tropical region prevented people from work regulari. Gautam Budh every year in the rainy season he used to stop preaching and taking Tours for 4 months. Gautam Budh used to stay in places like Rajgras, Vaishali and Shravasti in the rainy season it is said he rained 26 times in Shravasti. This notion still affects a few people and marriages are not concluded in July - August.
Some other natural calamities are far more devastating than heavy rains. In under mention flood storms and earthquakes can occur. We hear about Prak Mauryan famine famine which resulted in some Jain religion leaving Magadha and moved to south India.
Researchers should still be able to find out the sources that may mention famines and other natural crises.
Environmental consciousness in ancient times:
Rivers in ancient India were considered to be god equivalent in Rigveda the Saraswati river is depicted as devi. But in the Vedic period ganga was called as the mere goddess and such traditions continue till today. Both earth and water, vegetation and animals were fed and so were given status as mother.
There is no evidence that plans have been made to preserve any of these. A number of trees including Neem, Pople, Butti, Shami and Tulsi are said to be sacred and herbs, including grass, apply the same thing. Because of their medicinal properties, all these are, therefore, protected and worshipped. The preservation of large and small trees is sought in many ancient texts.
The desire for tree protection remains intact even today, at the end of major sacrifices and minor rituals, the priests and the worshippers wish for the advancement and tranquillity of wild trees and vegetation.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY:
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Even more importantly most of the ancient original texts condemn cow killing. Gautam Budh was the first man to emphasise the need for protection of cows in a religious origin called Sutthnipaat. He explained in detail the virtues of Cow-cradle, according to him cows help in the growth of vegetation and in giving food and force to man. So he asked people not to kill gou in early centuries the brahmin original texts religious rang Buddhism's teach. These refer to the dire consequences for cow - murderers in the next birth. Later even the elephant began to be worshipped till.
Knowledge of ecology and environment can be helpful in the study of ancient india. it can be used especially in the study of prehistoric. But human society cannot grow by preventing man's struggle against nature. this struggle in ancient times mainly directed against flora and fauna. As soon as these organisms were controlled, efforts were being made to increase the number of flora and fauna and both. History views the mutual relations between human beings primarily in terms of time and place, but that is not the creation of history as long as historians do not contemplate the mutual influence that has taken place between human efforts and the activities of natural forces.
NOTE : [ You can translate this article in any language ]
NOTE : [ You can translate this article in any language ]
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