HISTORY TO BE CREATED AND TYPES OF THEIR SOURCES

October 20, 2020

HISTORY TO BE CREATED AND TYPES OF THEIR SOURCES

NOTE : [ You can translate this article in any language ]

Material Relic:

The inhabitants of ancient India leave behind us countless material relics. Stone temples in south India and brick in east India garden still see the ground and recalls The Times when a large number of buildings in the country were built but most of the remains of these buildings have been buried under several palaces scattered all over the country. Mound is a raised part above the surface of the earth, under which there are remains of old things. It can be of many types : single culture, main cultural, multi cultural. Single cultural parties have the same culture everywhere; some mounds are simply painted grey pottery. Some belong to Satvahana culture and some of the Kushan culture. The main cultural mound predominate one culture and other cultures which may belong to the preceding period and the later period have no special significance. Multi - cultural dunes have progressively many cultures which sometimes run side by side with each other. the dunes excavated like the Ramayana and Mahabharata can be used to reveal successive levels of material and other aspects of culture.

Digging of mound can be done in 2 ways: article perpendicular or horizon. Plain vertical excavation means digging on vertical vertical vertical so that the different cultures show the era of. It is confined to some part of the common site. Excavation of the horizon means digging of all the mounds or the larger part of it, so that we find in this area a complete sense of the culture of the particular venue. Because of its long excavations in most of the places we find a substantial chronology of physical culture.

Horizon excavation being uneconomical has been greatly reduced. It does not bring out a complete and complete picture of the material life of many stages of ancient Indian history. The remains of the dunes which have been excavated are also preserved in various proportions.

The remains of the places excavated are also preserved in different proportions. Due to the dry climate, west Uttar pradesh, Rajasthan, North - West India 's remains remained more secure but the names and respect of central ganga plains and delta e areas in the iron have become bad in the climate and it is difficult to find the remains of unbaked buildings. In damp and alluvial areas, we find excellent and varied remains in the age of hard bricks and stone buildings.

Excavations made in northwest India reveal towns that were set up in about 2500 east. Similarly, it is known to us about the geographical culture developed in the valley of the Ganges, which shows the pattern of settlements in which they used the pottery, what types of houses they used to eat and how tools or weapons were used. Some of the people of south India carried tools, weapons, weapons, etc. with the dead body, in the grave, and stones made to stand on top of it. Such monuments are called megalith although not all megalith fall into this category show how deccan peoples lived when people era. The science based on which the old mound has been duly excavated into successive levels and the material life of the people of ancient times is known as archaeology. The physical remains obtained through the fruits of excavation and exploration are tested in a variety of different ways.

The method of determination of radio carbon periods is to find out which period they are radio carbon or carbon (c14) is the radioactive isotope of carbon. That exists in all living things like all radioactive materials. It also decays at certain uniform speeds. When something is alive, along with the process of destruction of the same 14, air and food, it exchange c14 continuously. However, when an object is dead, the process of deforming c14 present in it continues at the same speed but it stops taking c14 from air and food. It is possible to measure the decrease in c14 as existing in an antiquated product and determine its time because c14 is damaged at a certain speed as has been pointed out earlier. It is known that half of c14 lives are 5568 years. Half life of radioactive substance is the time in which half the radioactive substance is lost. Thus if an object has died 5568 years ago or, its c14 capacitance will be half as compared to the time when she was alive and if he was dead 11136 years ago the capacitance of his c14 will be quarter than at the time she was alive.

History of climate and vegetation is formed by analysis of pollen by testing the plant remains on the basis of this it can be said that agriculture in Rajasthan and Kashmir was in use in about 7000 to 6000 BC. The nature and components of metal crafts objects are analyzed scientifically and their results show where these metals have been obtained and find out the stages of evolution of metallurgy. He examines the bones of animals and is known for its domestication and variety of uses.

Coins:

COINS and records are also found on the ground but most of them are excavated out of land. The study of COINS is known as currency science( Numismatic ). Like in ancient India nowadays paper currency was not prevalent but metal money moves on. Old COINS were made of copper silver gold and glass. mud - made COINS are found in large Numbers. Most of them are of the late Kushan period, i. e. the early three centuries of AD. These molds were almost vanished in the postmortem.

Since there was no such system of banking in ancient times, people used to spend their money safely in mud and bronze utensils so that they could make use of the precious wealth in times of distress. A number of funds which are not only Indian COINS but also COINS minted in foreign mint world like Roman empire have been found in many parts of the country. This funds are mostly safe in the museum of Kolkata Patna Lucknow Delhi, Jaipur, Mumbai and Chennai.

Many Indian COINS are also seen in the Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan museum as Britain ruled India for a long time so British officials took a lot of Indian COINS in their private and public museum. Such information is available in the Indian museum, London, British museum, etc. which were prepared and published, but there is still a lot of COINS to be listed and published.

There is a symbol on our initial COINS, but the later COINS mention the name and date of Kings and gods. The place of achievement of these COINS showed that these COINS were prevalent in those places. History of many dynasties on the basis of COINS thus obtained. Characteristic the history of these Hind-Yavne rulers who arrived India from north Afghanistan and who ruled here in 2nd and 1st century. As COINS work read in donation dakshina purchase sale and pay wages COINS throw important light on economic hist. Traders and categories of gold cars also ran some of their COINS taking permission from Kings. It indicates the advanced stage of craftsmanship and trade.

Large amounts of transactions were possible by COINS and business was promoted. Most COINS are found in Post - Maurytra, particularly from Plumbum, Poteen, Copper where Silver and Gold. The secret rulers also issued the most gold COINS, indicating that trade commerce in particular increased in greater part in the Mauryan period and in the Gupta period. On the contrary have met very few of the Post-Gupta period to reveal that business was running very low in those days.

COINS are also inscribed pictures of dynasties and gods, religious symbols and articles that influence the art and religion.

TEXTS OF INDIAN HISTORY

Inscription:

COINS are even more important than the records are known as archaeology and the study of these and other old documents from the ancient date is called whole script. The inscriptions are also found on the pillars, stupas, stucco rocks and enamel reliefs, and on the walls of the temple and bricks or on idols.

In the country as a whole, initial inscriptions are found, but in the early centuries of AD. the use of enamel letters have been made in this work. However, stone excavation practices continued at a large scale in south India. In south India, there are also large number of inscriptions in the form of permanent monuments on temple walls. However, stone excavation practices continued at a large scale in south India. In south India, there are also large number of inscriptions in the form of permanent monuments on temple walls.

Like COINS inscriptions are also preserved in various museums of the country. most records are stored in office of chief archaeologist. The initial record is in Prakrit and it belongs to the third century b. c.. In the inscriptions the Sanskrit language begins to meet the second century of AD. and in the fourth fifth century it became widely used. Even then, the use of Prakrit language was not ended. In inscriptions, the regional languages began to be used since the nineth century a. d. Most of the inscriptions of Maurya, Maurya north and Gupta period are published by compiles in a Granth mala called corpus insscripnam indicarum. But the Post-Gupta records have not yet been so systematically compiled, a location order information of the south Indian records has been published, yet more than 50000 records, most of which are from south India are awaiting publication.

The records of the Harappan culture are yet to be read. It is perhaps written in some hippographical script which used to express ideas and objects in pictures. Ashoka 's inscriptions are in the Brahmi script. The script was written from left to right. Some of the inscriptions were written from right to left, and the Brahmi script was widely widely propagated in other regions of India, apart from the northwest. The Greek and era mic scripts have also been used in Ashoka's inscriptions in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Till the end of the Gupta period, the country's major script remained a Brahmi . If Brahmi and its different styles were thoroughly familiar, one could read most of the entire articles till the eighth century of Vidisha, but then the regional styles of the script changed heavily and renamed them separately.

The earliest inscriptions are found in the seals of the Harappan culture. these have not been possible so far. the oldest inscriptions of the country that have been read are third-century Ashokan inscriptions before Christ.

Firozshah Tughlak got two column articles of Ashok in 14th century. one at Meerut and another in Haryana, Topra, he asked him to Delhi and tried to register with his state pundits, but no one read it. The Britis0h tried to read them at the end of the 18th century and they faced the same difficulty. First of all success in reading these records was James Princip who was at that time high in service of east India company in Bengal.

There are many kinds of inscriptions. Some of them contain information on the socio - religious and administrative states, countries and decisions issued to officials and the public. Ashok 's inscriptions belong to this category.

In the second house there are ritual inscriptions, which have been installed by followers of the sects like Buddhists, Vaishnavi, or Vaishnavi with devotion, engraved on temples and images, the stone - stupa - fruity.

There are also submissions made in the third Kothi, wherein the king and the victors' attributes and the Kirti o 's statement, but there is no mention of their defeat and their weakness. Prayag-Prashashti of Samudra-Gupta is an example of this category. Apart from all these, there are a large number of donated papers in which donations of cattle lands, not only by Kings and prince but also by artisans and traders, have been written.

The records of land holdings mainly made by Kings and nobles are of special importance as they provide useful information on the land state of ancient India and administratio. These records are mostly inscribed on the copper leaves, including those of the Brahmanical temples, those of the villages and revenue grants to the temples of Bihar, Landlord and officials.

It is find in different languages like Prakrit, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu etc.

INDIAN HISTORY CULTURE

Literary Sources:

Even though the people of ancient India knew the script before 2500 BC, our earliest available manuscripts were not as early as the fourth century of AD. and have been derived from central Asia. Manuscripts in India are written on banquet letters and palm - letters, but in central Asia, where the language of Prakrit had spread in India have been written in a manuscript on skin and cast eyelashes. Though we may call them inscriptions, this is a kind of manuscript, or even the art of printing had not been invented in those days, as these manuscripts were considered valuable, as in old Sanskrit manuscripts were found throughout India, but most of them came from south India Kashmir and Nepal. Nowadays most of the inscriptions are safe stored in the museum and in manuscripts libraries.

Most of the ancient texts are on religious themes. In the religious literature of the Hindus, the Vedas, Ramayana, mythology etc. come. This literature has great impact on the social and cultural situation of ancient India, but it is very difficult to use it in terms of time and country. Could assume the Rigveda around 1500 to 1000 BC to around. But Atharveda, Yajurveda, brahmins, and Upanishads will be considered as nearly 1000 BC to 500 BC. Usually all Vedic texts are interpolated, usually in the general and at the end. The discovery of interpolation even in the middle of the texts is not uncommon.

The Rigveda mainly deals with gods, but in later Vedic literature it includes ritual, witchcraft and mythological stories. In the Upanishads we get philosophical contemplation.

He understood the meaning of the Vedic texts. For this it was necessary to study the Vedas' indexed scriptures of the Vedas. It is Vedang education is (pronunciation method), ritual, grammar, disarm linguistics, verses and Astrology. In each of these sciences propaganda literature has developed around. This literature is written as a rule in prose, in short, it is called sutra, the most famous example of formula writing is panini 's grammar which was written around 450 BC. In order to give an example of rules of grammar panini shed invaluable light on its time society economy and culture.

The last volume of the Mahabharata, Ramayana and the major puranas appears to have taken place around 400 b. c. the Mahabharat, which was supposed to be a work of Viyas, seems to indicate the position from the 10th century BC to the fourth century AD. Earlier it had only 8800 shlokas and it was named Jayas which means Vijay related collections texts. Later, it grew to 24000 shlokas and became famous as Bharat because of the legend of India 's ancestry in the most ancient Vedic people. Finally, there were 100000 verses and accordingly this real code came to be called Mahabharat. There are legends in it. we are narrative and are preaching too. its original narrative which is of war of Kauravas and Pandavas may be north Vedic period. The description can be used in the context of the period of the Vedas and in the general context of moribund and Gupta periods. Similarly there were first 6000 slokas in Valmiki Ramayana which grew to 12000 slokas and finally their number reached 24000 shloka. Though the epic is more concrete than the Mahabharata and there are also some passages which have been added later. Its composition probably began in the fifth century b. c. Since then it has gone through 5 stages and its fifth phase has been in the 12th century a. d. Overall its composition seems to have occurred after Mahabharat. After the Vedic period, rituals are prolific with literature, the three high castes are given by the Kings in the rituals by rich men according to the various ritual sources of public sacrifice, and in these also there are several ritual rituals performed by the enthronement. Similarly, birth ritual nomenclature, upanayana marriage, shraddha etc. is found in the rituals of domestic or family type. Source formula and home formula both around 600 to 300 BC. The accessible sutras are also noteworthy wherein the construction of the sacrificial altar prescribes a variety of cases.

The study of geometry and mathematics starts from there.

Historical persons and events are mentioned in the religious texts of Jainism and Buddhism. The earliest Buddhist texts were written in the Pali language. This language was spoken in Magadha. These texts were finally compiled, and in Sri Lanka in the second century BC, its religion, education, were based on Buddha 's current status. These texts tell us not only about the life of Buddha but also many rulers of his time Magadha north Bihar and east Uttar Pradesh.

The most important and interesting of the Buddhist religious literature is legend of Buddha's pre - births it was believed that Buddha had undergone over 550 pre - births before he was born as Gautam and many of them had animal lives. Those stories of former births are called jataka tales and each story is a kind of folklore. This jataka illustrates the social and economic condition of the fifth century AD to the second century AD. This legend also gives an insight into the Buddha's political events.

Jain texts were written in Prakrit in the language of Prakrit. They were finally compiled in Vallabhi nagar of Gujarat in the sixth century a. d. yet there are many passages in these texts which help us to reconstruct political history of Mahavira 's period Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh. In Jain scriptures there are frequent references to trade and traders.

Secular literature are also available in abundance. The scriptures of law may be kept in the same category. In those texts healing and enduring dharmasutra and by mixing these three is called theology. The religion sources were compiled from 500 to 200 BC. The main memoirs were written as manuals in the early 6 centuries of BC. The duties of various high castes, Kings and office bearers have been prescribed, including marriage laws for acquisition, sale and inheritance of property and punishment for theft, murder, adultery, etc.

Kautilya 's economics is very important law treatise. It is divided into 15 sections in which second and third are more old. These volumes seem to have been written by various authors. The present form of this work was given at the beginning of the Christian era but the earliest part of this work gives a glimpse of Mauryan society and economy. It supplies important materials for the study of ancient Indian state system and economy.

We also find the works of Bhasa Shudraka Kalidasa and Banabhatta. Their literary value lies in them, and the conditions of the authors of their times reflect. Kalidasa wrote poems and plays, the most famous is Abhigyan-Shakuntalam. In these great creative works he gives a glimpse of the social and cultural life of north and central India.

Apart from these Sanskrit sources, there are some of the earliest Tamil texts, which are compiled in sangam literature, collected by the poets and Bhatt as Patronised by the Kings and created this literature over 3-4 centuries. Such a literary gathering was called sangam that is why samucha sahitya became famous as sangam literature. It is said that these works were compiled in the early four centuries a. d. although the final composition appears to have taken place in the sixth century.

The posts of sangam literature are found in 30000 lines which are divided into anthology. Verses are stored in the group of hundred. Like purnanaru (with out four century) etc. Main group are two: 18 the following collection and 10 song. The first is supposed to be older than the other hence the term proverbial history is considered vital to. The sangam Granth is multi - layered but cannot be classified at par with the western style and content. As mentioned above, levels can be ascertained only on the basis of the stages of social development.

The sangam texts are different from Vedic texts, particularly from the Rigveda. It is not religious books. It has been written by many poets. That has many heroines glorifying heroic men and heroines. And thus have quality. It is not the primitive period song but has the philosophy of sophisticated literature. many Kavya's have been elaborated in detail by mentioning the name of a warrior, feudal or a king. The two women that he has given to the Bhatt have been praised. They will be read in the courts of poetry. They can be compared to one of the 'heroic poems' of the' homework period ', because of their war and the picture of the heroic age of the warriors. It is not easy to use these texts only for historical purpose. Perhaps the personal names mentioned in these works are only partially accurate. Charitra mentioned in sangam scriptures donates names of Cher Kings as first and second century donations of BC.

Sangam texts refer to many towns. the richness full existence of kavaripatnam mentioned in these is supported by archaeological evid. It has also been reported that the yavanas would offer gold to their vessels and buy round chillies and deliver the local people sura and dasia. This trade we know not only from Latin and Greek articles but also from archaeological evidences. In the early centuries of BC , sangam literature is our only major source for the study of the socio - economic and political life of the people of peninsular Tamilnadu. The information it gives about trade and commerce is confirmed in foreign details and archaeological evidence too.

INDIAN HISTORY CULTURE

Overseas Details:

Foreign descriptions can be supplemented by indigenous literature. Either by being a tourist or Indian religion, many Greek Roman and Chinese travelers came to India and, looking at their eyes, kept down the details of India. It may be noted that Alexander 's attack is not known by the Indian sources. To reconstruct the history of his Indian exploits, we have to rely entirely on Greek sources.

The Greek authors mention the name of Sandrcotos as a contemporary of Alexander the great who invaded India in 326 BC. It has been proven that this sandrcotta of Greek particulars and Chandragupta Maurya whose enthronement date 322 BC were same. This identity became the strong cornerstone to the date order of ancient India. The Indica of Megasthanes who came to be a messenger in the court of Chandragupta Maurya is preserved only as quotations from several eminent writers. These got together not only valuable information about Mauryan social classes and economic activities but also about Mauryan times. Indica is not free from overt but it is mentioned in ancient books.

The Greek and Roman accounts of the first and second centuries of Jesus contain references to the Indian ports and also of the items of trade between India and the Roman empire.

Books called Paripuls and Tolemi written in Greek language also got publicity important material for the study of ancient geography and commerce. It then wrote the first book between 80 and 115 AD by an unknown author giving a detailed account of the Roman trade in the red sea Persian gulf and the Indian Ocean. The second book is supposed to dated around AD 150. Plini's naturalis historica of BC. first century of this is in Latin language and gives us information on the trade between India and Italy.

The Chinese tourists are prominent in both Fa-Hien and Hasvansang were Buddhists and came to India to visit Buddhist shrines and study Buddhism. Fa- Hien came early in the fifth century of BC. and Havensang came in the seventh century. Fa-Hien highlights the socio economic and religious condition of the Gupte period India so Hueansaang gave me similar information about India.

Description:

Ancient indians are accused of lack of historical view. It is clear that they did not write money history as they are written nowadays, nor did they write just like the Greeks have written. Still, we do find a kind of history in the puranas. The number of the puranas is 18, 18 is the traditional term. The contents of the puranas are like the encyclopedia, but they have the history of dynasty till the beginning of the Gupta period. These refer to the sites of the occurrence, and sometimes the causes and consequences of the occurrence, but actually these events were long before the narration was written. The writers of these puranas were unaware of the notion of change which constitute the essence of history. The four yugas are mentioned in the puranas which are as follows: Kret-yugas, Treta-yugas, Duaper-yugas, kali-yugas. Every age has been inferior to its previous age and it has been said that when the second age begins after one age there is a collapse of moral values and social norms. The importance of time and place which are important elements of history has been explained in the shanti parva of the Mahabharata, it has been said that the change of the country and time leads to iniquity, and vice - righteousness. There were many kinds of samvat with whose direction the events were written just now in ancient India. The Vikram samvat began in 57 to 58 years ago AD 58 of the saka era and the secret era of 319 AD. Engraved records refer events with reference to time and location. Ashoka's records aim a considerable historical. Ashoka ruled 37 years. his inscriptions describe events ranging from the eighth of his reign to 27 years. The inscriptions have so far found reveal only of the events of his reign of nine years in his reign, and of the years of his reign in future and on the meeting of records may reveal the events of the rest of the years of his reign. Similarly, in the first century Kharavela of kalingling, we have made in elephantigoan records mention the geographical events of his life every year.

The people of India have given a good account of the historical view in the biographical writings, a beautiful example of this is Harsha 's Charitra , composed by Banabhatta in the seventh century a. s. It is almost a prose poem of the mode of life and so intricate in alankars. those who mimic have had to despair. There is an account of the early life of Harshvardhan. Though full of exaggeration, it gives a vivid idea of the many initiatives of Harsha 's court and of the social and religious life of his age. Later and also the charita written. Ramcharitr of Sandhyakr Nandi (12th century) how the battle took place between Keweart caste peasants and king Rampal of Pal dynasty and how Rampal conquered. Such historical works must have been written in south India as well, but it has so far come to light the same chroniclings about the lives of traders like Gujarat. Such a legendary light came in its name is Musik dynasty which was created by Atul in 11th century. It contains the account of the Musik dynasty ruled in northern Kerala but the best example of early historical writings is the current of raj Tarangini, which kalhana wrote in the 12th century. It is a collection of characters of the Kings of Kashmir. Infact it is the first act in which very few features of history exist in today's sense.

A GLIMPSE OF INDIAN HISTORY

Making Of History:

So far a lot of ancient sites, both prehistoric and historical, have been excavated and scrutinized but have not had any place in the mainstream of Indian history. The social evolution stages that have passed in India cannot be realized unless the consequences of prehistoric archaeology are ignored. History is equally important than archaeology, while more than 150 whole sites of the period of ancient history have been excavated, yet the relevance of those happy times were not discussed in the study of the socio - economic and cultural trends of ancient times. This work is very necessary. so it is more necessary in the context of the ancient times urban history. So far the importance of most of the buddhist and some of the brahminical sites have been outlined, but it is essential that in the study of religious history the economic and social aspects should be noted.

Ancient history has so far been based on sources of literature, both indigenous and foreign. COINS and records have played a part but more important books have been given. We now have to look for new approaches to establish a mutual relationship between the Vedic age and the other, the painted grey pottery and other archaeological materials. Similarly, early poly texts have to be related to northern black - polished ceramic archaeology and to combine information received from sangam literature with information that is found in early megalithic archaeology of peninsular India.

Archaeological evidence must be worth much more than the lengthy genealogies given in the puranas. According to the ancient scriptures the Rama of Ayodhya may be assumed to have been around 2000, but the excavations and extensive investigations have shown that there were no settlements around the period. Similarly, the role of Krishna in the Mahabharata may be significant but his existence is not corroborated by the records and sculptured works found in Mathura from 200 b. c. to 300. The fable of the epic era based on the Mahabharata and Ramayana will not forsake due to similar difficulties though in almost all the survey books written on ancient India in the past make it a chapter. Of course, the Ramayana and Mahabharata can be traced different stages of social development in both of us because this epic does not belong to any one stage of social development. It has changed many times, as has been mentioned in this chapter before.

Many records have been neglected so far by saying that their historical value is mere name. historical value assumes that any information required for the reconstruction of political history. The record is certainly more reliable than the mythological schedules, as the legend is used to push the start of the Sathvahen back. While their beginning on the basis of the inscriptions was the first century BC. There can be in the inscriptions the evolution of a king 's reign as the era of his conquest and his sovereignty, but the trends of development of the polity, social and economic life and religion can also be seen. Therefore, recourse to records in the present book was not only taken with reference to political or religious history. The record grants - in - aid note is of particular importance not only for the genealogy and Vijaya wailli, but also for more specific information on the new states which emerged and the changes that have taken place in the social and land system during the later phases of the Guptas. Thus COINS have to be resorted not only to reconstruct the history of Hind-Yavne, shak Satvahana and Kushan, but also to catch a glimpse of the history of trade and urban life.

A GLIMPSE OF INDIAN HISTORY

Conclusion:

The summary is that there must be careful compilation of all the material extracted from the texts, COINS, records, archaeology, etc., for the history building. It has been pointed out that the problem of the requisite importance of various sources, such as COINS, records and archaeology, are more valuable than the myths that we find in the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the puranas. The puranic myths uphold the prevailing standards. Legitimizes ethos and justifies the special rights and inalienable of those organized into castes or other social classes, but the events described in them cannot be taken for granted. Preoccupation of the past can also be explained from their current remains or from insights gained from study of primitive. No sound historical reconstruction can go hand in hand with the bustle that is taking place in other ancient societies. adoption of a comparative approach can disprove the obscation of something that is to be found in ancient India as rare or unprecedented and studious ones may also see tendencies similar to those of ancient societies of other countries.

NOTE : [ You can translate this article in any language ]